Africa+&+Atlantic+Slave+Trade

435-440 notes Portugal takes there hope in finding the cape of good hope to expand their territory, but then lands in Africa to find a new way to build their economy. With Slaves being founded and traded throughout the world. Portugal takes their step into being a strong wealthy country with gold and pepper being their basis, slaves being a huge part by being able to trade goods for slaves defintialty wanted their gold for their country

Debate of slavery was in the air as people were very controversial towards slavery because of the outstanding numbers of slaves, with slavery taking over 50% of a countrys population and low demenad of women since there were more men then women

Europeans ande debates of control of the slave trade took place as the triangular trade between America, Europe and Africa were equally exchanges things from one another
Trades were usally concentrated towards men as the atlantic trades has a demogrpahic impact on parts of the west and central africa. Trans sahran Africa consisted women as concubines and domestic servants


 * Portuguese hope to teach the Cape of good hope in 1487
 * Portuguese established factories:forts and trading post for resident merchants
 * El Mina in the heart of a gold producing zone in the forest zone
 * Portuguese weren't strong enough to hold and enforce their power on the western states
 * Africans were provided with goods from Portugal but also some slaves from the other stretches of the coast.
 * In return, Portuguese received ivory pepper animals skins gold.and
 * Trade was a basis between the relationship between Africa and Portugal
 * with political,social relations and religious
 * Nzinga Mamba, with the help of the portguese help convert the whole kingdom to Christianity
 * Africans found new comers strange
 * Luanda-which became the basis for the Portuguese colony
 * Portuguese dominated ports from the Indian ocean and red sea.
 * which gave them access for gold trade in Monomtapa
 * Portuguese primary effort was commercial and military, with a strong missionary effort
 * Portugal interest was mainly gold pepper and other goods
 * Slaves became a common trade item
 * Slavery took over the African Coast
 * Slavery took across the world with countries receiving 600,000- 1,000,000 a year
 * Mortality was high and fertility was low because they were usually more men then women being imported
 * thus began the loss and decline of the population
 * With slaves being more than half a country's population
 * Royal African Company which chartered countries of Virginia, Barbados and Jamaica for their own source of slaves
 * but less then 10% returned because they died of diseases
 * Indies Peace was a complicated system of men,children and women for half the price
 * The Triangle Trade was 3 countries trading with one other for goods
 * Americas for sugar tobacco and other goods
 * Europe for products sent to Africa which then creates a triangle

Portugal was on their way to look for the cape of goods hope, where they then landed into a gold min in Africa. With Portugal creatingfactories which were trade ports for merchants they weren't quite strong enough to to hold their power down. Portugal which main focused was gold pepper and animal skins, found a new selling item, which were slaves. With Portugal converting the whole country of Africa into Christianity with the help in Nzinga Mambe. They then began to have a slave trade which more then 500,000 slaves were being traded across the world for goods. Slaves taking over 50% of a country population and creating and Triangle trade between America,Europe 7 Afric a

440-448 notes __ African slaves played a very important part to increase economic wealth and rank in Society. They were also used as soliders or servants to do work for their lords. __ __ Country's began to come in contact with war because of the intense competition of expansion which led to African socities directing trade to the coast __
 * Europeans pointed out that slavery already existed in Africa
 * ** " Property With A Soul" **
 * nonegasliarian, which all land were owned by a state or a ruler
 * ** Slaves were soldiers,servants,concubines, administrators and field workers **
 * Allowed nobles, senior lineages and rulers to exercise their power
 * They were often considered aliens
 * ** Muslims considered slavery illegal **
 * ** The Atlantic trade opened up a portal of expansion **
 * ** Having slaves were ways to increase wealth in society **
 * Slaves had no rights in life
 * Used mainly for gold mining
 * ** "the Trade in slaves is the business of kings rich men and prime merchants" **
 * ** European merchants and royal officials were able to tap existing routes,markets and institutions, but with the intense demand of slaves changed the nature of slavery in African society **
 * Gun-powered and expanding international commerce of Europe penetrated Saharan Africa
 * intense warfare because of competition of expansion from all country's
 * People started to create their own self efficiency and anti ideas
 * ** Africa began to direct their trade towards the coast for firearms,irons and horse's and tobacco **

__ With kingdoms devleoping in Africa they formed a burecratic system and individual states being created also with increase in welath because of woodcravings,bronze casting and weaving flourished as long with slaves being traded __
 * Rulers began to surround themselves with authority so show how good their army was
 * ** Empires that rose to power in the gold coast were asantas, members with the Akan people **
 * Had gold producing zones and lots of firearms
 * Had prisoners to be sold as slaves to increase wealth
 * ** Osei Tutu- the title asantehene was created to show the supreme civil and religious leader. **
 * ** Bronze casting, woodcarving and weaving flourished **
 * ** King Agaje siezed the port of whydah and turned to firearms and slaves **
 * Kingdom of Dohomey created an autocratic and poltical regime because of slavery
 * The Kingdom of Benin had its own well developed political and artisitc traditions like the casting of bronze.
 * ** pepper, textiles and ivory rather than slaves was traded perferrablly **
 * ** in the years 1690-1820 over 1.8 millions slaves were traded **

__ With new trade of product became new leadership under Fodio, who tries to enforce teachings and change culture and social life __
 * ** Trade brought in new products such as ivory, gold and slaves **
 * ** Settlers from Portugal settled on teh Zambezi Riveran and used slaves as soldiers to help expand their land **
 * ** 1860, Zanbar had over 100,00 slaves and 4,000 for himself **
 * Luo people resisted making of dynasties
 * literacy was spread and new centers of trade took place
 * ** Hanusa kindoms were ruled by muslim familis and arisitocracies **
 * ** Usuman Fodio was a reformist who preached ideology **
 * ** The city of sokoto was run by poltics and ambition **
 * tries and effots to elimintae pegan practices and social and culture

__ Bantu people created laws and lanugages but led to mroe warefare because of the increase in culture and development in agriculture __
 * ** Farming,migration,peaceful contacts and warefare **
 * Bantu people were into agriculture and herding as long with ironong,created weapons and traded with their neighbors
 * Main languages were Twswan,sotho,zula and xhuso
 * dutch east india company made farms at teh cape of good hope
 * men daily jobs were usally artits and women did most of the griculture and hose work
 * ** foreigh trade was a factor as teh Bantu population grew **
 * ** Boers saw african as intruders and a possible source for labor, which created more warefare **
 * ** Great trek was led by boers **

__ Shaka was a great ruler of Africa who has leadereship and vision of a better Africa __
 * New ways of military organization emerged
 * ** Shaka was a military tachtician who organized by age **
 * ** Iron dicipline were ways to use teh spear **
 * ** the army was a permenant institution **
 * ** Shaka destroyed ruling familitsZula with his constant need for expansion led to more and more fight **
 * ** Sqazi created a new state **
 * Mfecane were wars or crushing

__ Even though Africa played a huge part in teh world economy, their population of slaves were horrible with going through the middle passage and being force to go to America __
 * The slave trade linked Afria to many parts of the world
 * ** Whydah,Porto Novo and Luanda dwere African Ports and were specialzed in the slave trade **
 * The slave voyage to the Americas, was where slaves that were captured, **were brutally punished,beaten,had a horrible place in their ships full of dieases**
 * Had been some resistance but failures of rebbllion
 * ** 1.3 of slaves captives died in their pens **
 * ** slaverys mortaliaty rate was a high 18% **

__ Some slaves became very smart, and had the intelligence to become artisans street vendors, servants and did not have to work on a plantation __
 * ** Slaves mainly worked on plantations and mines **
 * ** Some slaves became artistant **
 * ** street vendors **
 * ** and personal servants **
 * ** When sugar was introduced, they were transferred into a new world **

__ With slaves taking a high percentage in a countrys population, they became less dependeant on Africa because of the reproducing rate from their already owned slaves. But as time went by slaves became more smarted setting up rebellions and revolts to gain their freedom __
 * ** Slatwater slaves and Creloe slaves were both involved in Europe and Africa **
 * Free people of color made up less than 10% of the total Afro-American population.
 * During this time, teh white skinned people were on top as teh other color people were below them
 * Brazil soon became led by the Angolans.
 * As time went by, the slaves that were already owned, didn't need Africa anymore because of the population growth they got from teh slaves already bough Then created a law based on skin color
 * ** because of maumssion, Mulatto and creole slaves could get jobs rather then work on the feild and plantation **
 * ** African and ethic political lines help start the beginning of slave rebellions in their efforts to free themselves **
 * ** 80% of Jamica were slaves **
 * ** 35% of british were slaves **
 * Slaves about 2/3 of the total population.

__ Slaves become more and more intelligent as they devied new ways to gain their freedom even through the harsh punishments they endured __
 * ** Slaves that werein America got treated teh worst compared to other countrys **
 * harsh punishment
 * brutal places to work and not just including the voyage to America the "middle passage"
 * **With so many slaves led to a split of slave familys as wel**l
 * ** Slaves were converted toCatholicism by the Spainards and the Portuguese. **
 * ** African still had their own culture and society, they also had religiosity belief in the Obeah **
 * Brazilians practiced candomble
 * and the Haitians practiced vodum
 * ** Palmares was a runway streching far lands filled with slaves kingdoms with slaves taking 8,000 - 10,000 people **
 * ** Surianame was a dutch planation colony **
 * ** Suriane Maroons had a direct link to Europe and America to create Afro american culture **
 * ** in 1835 a African in Bahia led the largest slave rebellion by the muslims Yoruba and focued their targets on teh white people **

__negatives going towards slavery, it tehn began to abolish slavery because of the non interest countrys have taken towards slavery__
 * ** With African exporting goods that as value to slaves anymore because of teh growing population **
 * ** it started to end the slave trade because countrys had a growing number of slaves **
 * ** U.s., Brazil and Cuba lots it intreast in the slave trade many years later **
 * ** Adam smith came in and did not like slave trade that well **
 * ** William Wiberface was a great part of teh abolotion effot to abolish slavery **
 * ** British captured slave ships **
 * ** Then traded with Spain and portugal **
 * ** 1888 slave trade was done, as long with slavery ending **

Mughal Empire =**Economy**= __Trade played a heavy role with India because of its great supply and variety of cotton__ =**Social Class**= __The role of women in the empire started to rise but the ones that weren't and living conditions and standards started to improve__ =Political= __As the power of Akbar was passed down to child to child, a leader named Aurangzed extended his father empires and rid the land of influences with a larger army and less burcracy__ =Interactions= __With Auranzeb having success in expanding the mpire, he then expanded it wayy to much, that made his empire unstable and led to revolts within his kingdom from peasents and attacks from other parts of india__ =Religion= __Akbar created his on faith but was soon rejected and failed__ =Interllectual= __Akbar united India as they created massive archtecture in the world__ =Technology=
 * **Jiya was a head tax system but later Akbar has destroyed it**
 * **Akbar was a peaceful person who brought peace to India**
 * India was heavily involved with trade
 * A man of the name Auranzeb brought the head tax system back, which made the lower class heavily taxed
 * People tried to rise up and revolti
 * **Indian people traded cotton, and cloths**
 * ** Textile played a huge role because it was inexpensive **
 * **Akbar encouraged Mughal aristocrats to get married**
 * **he also wanted to improve living conditions fir beggars and vagabonds**
 * He regulated alcohol
 * Made a new faith and granted peasent villages
 * **Wanted to improve the role of women and encouraged them to set up nice markets for them**
 * **Used Marble patterns, mirrors and floral patterms**
 * Nur Juhan was Jahanigurs wife and spent lots of money on luxury goods
 * Women used their neglection of their women to win position in politics
 * **Mumtaz Mahal was Shah Jahans consort who was known for love and devotion**
 * **Women werent always typically equal though, they did not want to move out of their homes because if they did, they were cause serious abuse phycially and mentally**
 * **Birthdays for children were epic**
 * Empire decldined as merchants class and lower saw their merchandise go down the drain as long as their living standards
 * **__Babue was the founder of the Mughals__ and wanted to capture north India**
 * **Humayan was the son of Babur who inherited his empire after his fathers death**
 * **in 1556, Humayan launched many attacks to restore his fathers once kingdom**
 * **Akbar was the son of Humyan and took his father over when he was 14**
 * His bureacracy was supported by revenues, but were corrupt
 * Akbar influence Hindus rank of government
 * **Jahangir and Shah Jahan were successors to Akbar and they were both worried about the different views of Akbar**
 * **Aurangzed believed that to strengthen an empire and expand the Mughal empires control and purify Indian land from Hindu influences**
 * **Aurgangzed successed and took control of lands over teh sub continent with gaining a larger army and little bure**cracy
 * wives gain more power and influence
 * **Akbars armies was used wisely, and he extended the empire wifely with conquesr in North and Central India**
 * **He also built temples and buildings and ordered the Hindus to honor and respect cows**
 * But the army was soon broken as the lack in technology tactics and weapons was failing
 * Wanted to end Divisions in the subcontinent and make a better calender
 * Empire is failing because of peasant revolts form Muslim and Hindu in the north.
 * **Aurangzeb expanded the mpure so far that it could not be controllable**
 * **Rebellions from the Maratta in western India help increase the chances of the failing empire**
 * **The rise in Sikhs which further strained resources for the imperial system**
 * had a frat to join together in battle
 * __** Akbar created a religion with no name, a universalistic one **__
 * __**His new faith the "Din-i-llahi was created to unite Hindu faith anf Muslim people**__
 * __**this religion soon was rejected**__
 * __**Muslin kingoms resisted Mughal hegenomy**__
 * **__accepting other religions__**
 * Akbar united india
 * Bernier said India had fallen behind in Europe and lacked intelligence
 * **Jahangir and Shah Jahan** were best known for their **fine arts in human history. they did paintworkshops and creative epic architecture works liek the Taj Mahal**
 * **Idea, was for love,archs and ornament**
 * Aurangzeb put an end to the building of new temples.
 * \ ﻿regulations of aolcohol improving calender, arts and religious discussions
 * burnign of high caste hindu women
 * Great Architecture was being built
 * Paint Workshops

Ottawan Empire =**Enonomy** = __The economy was very bad because of the poor useless productsm as inflation took place udner the finances of the empire__

**The empire was geared in warefare to expand** **Commerce in the empire was based in teh hands of Jews and Christians merchants** **Bosporus was an area for captial and was between the mediterrnean and the black sea** Markets were beginning to open **Economy was bad, as merchants and tax collectors lost revenue because of bad products ** **In the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the eastern meditarreanan was lost** **Sultans created a tax relief for the annexed empires ** **Social Life** __With peasent uprisings taking place, a creation of bazaars and coffeehouses gave people a place to be socially active __ =**Political** = __With a growing army led to a high bucracy which let to a failure because of too much power__ <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Interactions <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">__Focused on expanding empire but got to poweful and controabble that led to a decline__ <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Religion __Ottomans had great mosques built in this time__ Interllectual __The Ottomans took a Heavy focus on architecture as well as improving city defenses and water supply__ Technology __**The ottomans wast as techonology advanced compared to otehr countries but they did have artillery**__ ESPIRIT Safavids = Economy = __ The Safavid Empire during the 16th century lacked a weak economy, even though there was strong goods such as carpets and textiles, their markets were very weak compared to other empires. __ = Social Life = __ Villages having assigned Warriors with absolute monarch power that they used to obtain luxury in towns, the role in women in this empire had even lesser powers and rights then other societies __ = Political = __ Abbas the mighty leader let a fateful battle of Chalidian and even had the time to grant local people high officials to in power __ = Interactions = =__ Safavid had a large but weak army by created some great works in colleges,gardens,pools,houses and work shops __= = Religion = __ Sail, with the need of Muslim teachings, thus created mosques and prayer leaders __
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**Calvary gave a control over pand for peasents households**
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**Bazaar was a place filled with merchants that sold any types of goods from spice to slaves**
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**Lots of peasent uprisings took place, revolts**
 * =<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**Coffee houses were a place for a social between people such as scholors** =
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Turkish people developed into a warrior aristocracy
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Ottoman burecracy took place the governemnt
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">**Vizier were carried out by dat and were much more powerful than the sultan**
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">**Had poltical succession taking place, they struggled in power**
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">**Guilds created by teh artisans gave finantial aid**
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Amry started to shrink because of the burcracy
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Last over 600 year, a monarchy
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">**Depending on civil strife gave an increase in delcing survival**
 * **in 1243 when the mongols invaded, it gave a opening to gain power**
 * Osman led the ottomans into the empire
 * Mehemed attacked the triple rings land mine of constaniople
 * **had a strong naval fleet that took out venetians and the genose**
 * **Was a protector o Islam land**
 * **Drove out genoese from miedterrian and italy**
 * **Janissaries were troops and decided the sons would mount the throne**
 * **had two differen catherdrals oh sophia**
 * convereted many to the islamic world
 * **Great mosques were Bult**
 * **Built to provied a water supple**
 * City defenses were repaired and improved after battle
 * **Real estates, houses,mansions catholic schools, hospitals,poetry,ceramics,carpet and architecture**
 * Wasnt that techonology advnced compared to other empires
 * Had artillery
 * ** Abbas empire was started in the international center for trade and culture **
 * ** Built roads and houses for travelling and travelling merchants **
 * Big demand in carpets
 * ** Women had a role in trading and loaning money also **
 * ** Traded goods with dutch English and the portuguese **
 * Had a weak economy
 * Villages had warrioirs from the Safavid empire
 * ** Peaseants replied them with food and labor work **
 * ** Safavid warriors had a warrior like aristocracy that had strong monarch power that they used to obtain luxury in towns **
 * Even though women had role in trade they were still under the rank of men
 * ** They had religous power but only for the higher class **
 * ** With the landlord class growing, uprising created a depressing feeling for the peasants **
 * ** Workers had jobs such as engineers or carpenters **
 * ** Chaldiran was one of the most famous and inspring battles in Islam history. **
 * ** The battle then posted a threat to Safavid monarchs **
 * ** Tahmasp won power during a long period of time through strength **
 * Abbas the great granted officials in the court
 * As the Throne was open to power, turkish theifs tried to take advantage and seize the power
 * ** Slave regimes later became poltical struggles **
 * ** Peasant class got stronger as they were then recruited for positions on politics. to expand bureaucratic **
 * Abbas empire was not as strong as the ottomans army
 * ** With Abbas getting defeated they slowly lost hope in expansion of western empire **
 * Founded some colleges,
 * ** created bathrooms rest houses and work shops gardens and pools **
 * ** Abbas army was 40,000 **
 * ** Isma'll was emperor for leading his tribes to wins in battles **
 * Sail of din-wanted to spread muslim through teachings the Turkic Inbes
 * Red Heads were followers of Safavids
 * ** Ardabil was near the capital sea **
 * ** Turkish was the main language **
 * ** Mullahs were high officials and prayer leaders **
 * ** Karbala was a central point of religous in iraq **

= Interllectual = The Safavid came to an end as dieases and rebellions were uncontrollably and ruined the empire
 * ** 80,000 died from diseases **
 * rebellions took place
 * Nomadic raiders loved the battleground

= Techonology = __ Sherley brothers help intruct the used of cannons as gunpowder and muskets were being used __
 * ** Gunpowers & atilerry were being used more **
 * ** Sherley brothers help intruct cannons **
 * ** Muskets being used more **

Notes 484-491

__ With trading networks being so valuable, A man named Vasco Da Gama traded goods all across the sea with safety from vessels __
 * ** India had goods from cotton textiles **
 * ** China had paper and silk textiles **
 * Asian sea trading network focused on handcraft items
 * ** The biggest demand for what consumers wanted were Spices **
 * There was really no presence of military in commercial exchanges
 * ** The key networks that opens up great business were the red sea, Persian gulf and straights of Malacca **
 * ** A trading network created by Vas co de gama, was used for raw materials, manufacturing textiles, carpets,metals to trade for the "key" trade centers liek the red sea **
 * ** As merchants sailed and traded, they used something called trading vessels for protection from invaders such as pirates **

__ With Asia being so weak, Portugal saw this as an opportunity for desire even though they were weak in numbers __
 * ** Portuguese way of resolving problems uses lots of force **
 * depended heavily on their monarchs
 * ** Portuguese goal was to dominate and monopolize Asia products **
 * ** They had a small population but had a great strive and desire for wealth **
 * ** Portuguese could accomplish their goal because of Asian weak ships that could not handle firepower **
 * Vas co De Gama had to submit his regime
 * A license from the Portuguese stated on all fleets trading from Indian ocean to the Mallaca

__ Portuguese then becoming so weak, The Dutch proved superior compared to Portugal __
 * Portuguese were cruel and had very harsh punishments like cutting off an enemies hand
 * ** Batavia was a port captured by the Portuguese on the Island of Java **
 * Dutch trading network were factories
 * ** Dutch had heavy armed supplies and force selling spices to other people **
 * ** With Portuguese decline so rapidly, their trading network failed and could not keep up with the Dutch **

__ Dutch capturing key areas, they wanyed to control the goods of coffee __
 * ** Dutch conquered lands such as Luzon and Mindanao **
 * ** Wanted control from goods coming from Creylon **
 * ** Wanted to sell coffee **

__ With Robert winning over the support of the upperclass, they wnated to expand roman catholicism __
 * ** Robert Noili won the upper class indus system by devloping into their traditions **
 * ** Wanted to expand the roman catholic religion **
 * ** Worked with all classes such as the poor low caste **

**A man the named Vasco De Gama traded all over the Red Sea and other key points and his strong safe vessels to prevent theft from pirates. Spices were in huge demand** and everyone wnated to get a hold of them. As years went on, **Asia proved to be very weak and Portugal saw this opening to monoplize Asia even with their small army and since Asia ships couldn't handle Portugal heavy forces**.Later on, Portugal became very weak, as t**he Dutch proved to superior to Portugal** as the Dutch had also even heavier supplies. dutch later on capture the areas of **Luzon and Mindano**, there de**sire for cinnamon and coffee all over trading networks. Robert and Francis won over the support of the upper class by were traditional garments**